How Does Ruby Compare with Python?
Short text compares Ruby and Python, via Perl and Smalltalk.
HOPL: An Interactive Roster of Programming Languages
History of Programming Languages encyclopedia, over 8,500 languages, full verified references, code samples, big bibliography, biographical-institutional material, 4,000 language family tree.
History and Comparison of Programming Languages
Files compare statements in several different languages, tracing from early to present languages.
Guidelines for Choosing a Computer Language: Support for the Visionary Organizations
Multipage study compares: 4GL/5GL, 3GL (Ada 95, C, C++, COBOL, FORTRAN, Java, Smalltalk), 2GL (Assembly). Divides language (definition) from traits of products that implement and support it. Several sections, tables, appendixes.
Four-fold Increase in Productivity and Quality
Published internal study, of Ericsson AXD 301 ATM switch project, using Erlang, C, C++, Java. Results: programmer productivity, code error rates, roughly proportional to source code size. [PDF]
Fortran 90 vs. Ada 95
Compares Ada 95 to Fortran 90 via code samples, text. Well reasoned and written, many examples. Finds Ada equal or better than Fortran in all aspects but one marginal trait.
Forth Versus C
Pro-Forth question and answer text, some questions have several answers.
Forth and Not C
Pro-Forth text explains why C is used more than Forth.
Examples of Programs in Different Programming Languages
Compares 129 (or 157?) languages, via 418 code samples, and growing.
An Empirical Comparison of C, C++, Java, Perl, Python, Rexx, and Tcl for a Search/string-processing Program
One set of requirements, 80 implementations, coded by 74 different programmers in various languages, compared for properties: run time, memory use, source text length, comment density, program structure, reliability, effort needed. [PDF]
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